Classification of Diabetes Insipidus



Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:

 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus or pituitary, Autosomal dominant (or rarely recessive) mutations in the gene encoding AVP-NPII precursor protein

 - Acquired - Primary tumors (craniopharyngioma) or metastases, Infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), Histiocytosis and granulomatous diseases, Trauma, Surgery, Idiopathic

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:

 - Congenital - X-Iinked: inactivating mutations in AVPR2 gene, Autosomal: recessive or dominant mutations in AQP-2 gene

 - Acquired - Primary renal disease, Obstructive uropathy, Metabolic causes (e.g., hypokalemia, hypercalcemia), Sickle cell disease, Drugs (e.g., lithium, demeclocycline)

Primary polydipsia or dipsogenic diabetes insipidus:

 - Acquired - Psychogenic illness characterized by excessive fluid intake. Treatment is aimed at the psychiatric disease.



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