Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome

 • Increased renal interstitial pressure

 • Hypoperfusion

 • Reduced renal blood flow

 • Tubular damage

 • Tubular collapse and hypertrophy

 • Sodium avidity

 • Increased AVP and Aldosterone activities

 • Diuretic resistance

 • ↑ Na+ reabsorption

 • Adenosine release

 • ↓ Cl- concentration

 • Increased CVP

 • Venous congestion

 • Reduced compliance



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