Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, arising from the basal cells in the epidermis. It is typically slow-growing and rarely metastasizes, but can be locally invasive, causing significant tissue destruction if left untreated.



Major risk factors include:



Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or tanning beds)



Fair skin, light eyes, freckles



History of sunburns or excessive sun exposure



Immunosuppression (e.g., post-transplant patients)



Genetic syndromes (e.g., Gorlin syndrome)



Common presentations:



Pearly or waxy bump with visible blood vessels (telangiectasia)



Flat, scaly, flesh-colored or brown patch (especially on trunk)



Non-healing sore or ulcer with rolled borders



Sometimes bleeding or crusting



High-risk anatomical areas: face, nose, eyelids, ears, neck, and scalp.



Diagnosis is confirmed via skin biopsy. Dermoscopy often helps in early recognition.



Treatment options:



Surgical excision with clear margins (gold standard)



Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk or facial lesions



Curettage and electrodesiccation for superficial or low-risk lesions



Topical therapies (imiquimod, 5-FU) or photodynamic therapy in selected cases



Radiation therapy if surgery isn’t an option



Targeted therapy (e.g., hedgehog pathway inhibitors like vismodegib) for advanced/metastatic BCC



BCC has an excellent prognosis if treated early. Regular skin checks are essential, especially for high-risk individuals.



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