Bartholin’s cyst is a fluid-filled swelling that develops when the duct of the Bartholin’s gland — located on each side of the vaginal opening — becomes blocked. Normally, these glands secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina, but obstruction leads to fluid accumulation and cyst formation.



Most common in women of reproductive age, Bartholin’s cysts may be small and asymptomatic or grow larger, causing discomfort, especially during sitting, walking, or intercourse.



If the cyst becomes infected, it can form a Bartholin’s abscess, leading to intense pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes fever. Infected cysts may contain pus and require urgent drainage.



Causes include:



Duct obstruction due to thick mucus



Bacterial infections (e.g., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus)



Sexually transmitted infections (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis)



Diagnosis is usually clinical, but recurrent or postmenopausal cysts may require biopsy to exclude malignancy.



Treatment options vary:



Small, painless cysts: observation and warm sitz baths



Symptomatic or recurrent cysts: incision and drainage, Word catheter placement, marsupialization, or surgical removal



Antibiotics if infection is present or STI suspected



Good genital hygiene and prompt treatment reduce complications and recurrence.



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