Abnormal Jugular Venous Pressure Waveforms - Differential Diagnosis
 - Absent a wave - Atrial fibrillation, sinus tachycardia
 - Flutter waves - Atrial flutter
 - Prominent a waves - First-degree atrioventricular block
 - Large a waves - Tricuspid stenosis, right atrial myxoma, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonic stenosis
 - Cannon a waves - Atrioventricular dissociation, ventricular tachycardia
 - Absent x descent - Tricuspid regurgitation
 - Prominent x descent - Conditions causing enlarged a waves
 - Large cv waves - Tricuspid regurgitation, constrictive percarditis
 - Slow y descent - Tricuspid stenosis, right atrial myxoma
 - Rapid y descent - Constrictive pericarditis, severe right heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation, atrial septal defect
 - Absent y descent - Cardiac tamponade

#Abnormal #Jugular #Waveforms #JVP #Differential #Diagnosis #PhysicalExam #cardiology