Causes of Copper Deficiency - Differential Diagnosis
Hereditary:
- Menkes disease, familial hypoceruloplasminemia
Decreased / Inadequate Intake:
- Anorexic patients, malnutrition, Kwashiorkor, poverty, vegetarian, parenteral hyperalimentation
Increased Demand:
- Pregnant women, lactating women, premature infants, infants
Increased copper loss or inadequate absorption:
- Malabsorption conditions include inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Celiac sprue, post-bariatric surgery, gastrectomy, prolonged diarrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, sprue, tropical and non-tropical
Drug-related:
- Excessive zinc ingestion (e.g., from dentures, or excessive oral supplementation) or iron supplements
Iatrogenic:
- Parenteral or enteral nutrition with inadequate copper supplements
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