Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis

Chloride depletion syndromes

 • Gastrointestinal losses

    - Vomiting, nasogastric drainage

    - Congenital chloridorrhea

    - High-volume ileostomy drainage

    - Some villous adenomas

• Renal losses

    - Chloruretic drugs (eg, thiazides, furosemide)

    - Bartter syndrome

    - Gitelman syndrome

Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes

 • Primary hyperaldosteronism

 • Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromes

 • Liddle syndrome

 • 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibition or deficiency

 • Fludrocortisone administration

Other causes: 

 • Alkali intake or administration

 • Milk alkali syndrome

 • Severe potassium depletion (serum potassium <2 mmol/L)



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